Students will enter school this year with all sorts of supplies and feelings. The pens, notebooks, books and class schedules will fit neatly inside their backpacks. The feelings, including excitement, fear, enthusiasm, and misgivings, can be confusing, shifting, and harder to pin down.
They will also bring something intangible but very important for their success: a set of beliefs about their ability to learn - about their capacity and potential. This mindset is more powerful than their test scores or class rank, and it isn't always self-evident or obvious. It shows up when we listen closely to how young people talk about school:
The impact of mindset
We might miss the importance of statements that our kids make, but
Carol Dweck doesn't. She's the world's leading researcher on
mindsets, and her work gives us a lot of insights about our kids' beliefs about themselves and their ability to learn.
Professor Dweck has worked with thousands of students across the country to explore the divergent impacts of what she calls "growth" and "fixed" mindsets on academic achievement. According to Dweck, students with a
fixed mindset believe that their intelligence and abilities are hardwired traits and that talent is what leads to success, not effort. In contrast, students with a
growth mindset believe that abilities can be developed through persistence and hard work. They understand that their brain is like a muscle and that exercise and practice can strengthen it. Students with a growth mindset see mistakes as part of living and learning. Their motto is, "Never give up."
Here is the difference between how a fixed mindset and a growth mindset might interpret a poor score on a physics exam:
Learning from mistakes
Research shows that students with a fixed mindset see mistakes as a sign of failure. Students with a growth mindset see mistakes as an opportunity to learn. When students start to avoid making mistakes they aren't just stepping back from risk and challenge, they are stepping back from new learning and knowledge.
Of course these beliefs don't come out of nowhere. Stereotypes (e.g. "
girls are bad at math"),
educator's mindsets, cultural narratives about success, praise, and our own assumptions all influence young people's mindsets.
The good news? Not surprisingly, mindsets themselves aren't fixed either. Evidence shows that even small interventions can shift a student's beliefs and boost achievement. We've written before about the impact of
praise and nurturing real self-esteem.
Another secret to fostering the growth mindset in students is to teach them about the brain itself.
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"Whatever the brain does a lot of, is what the brain gets good at."
While compelling evidence has been building for years now Dweck and her team are conducting large scale, randomized, and controlled trials to substantiate their claims that learning about the brain shifts the way that students think about their education and ultimately impacts achievement. For example, in one study students read an article explaining how the brain grows and develops and then were asked to write a letter of advice to a "struggling" student. Even this small exercise yielded positive results. The
intervention increased the rate at which underperforming students achieved satisfactory grades when compared to the control group.
This isn't to say that teaching a growth mindset is going to solve all of our problems in education. We need to be wary of any theory that simplifies the issue. Don't believe any "expert" who says, "If students just believed in themselves there wouldn't be an achievement gap." It's more complicated than that. Solving the achievement gap is going to require a hard look at systemic barriers to learning like poverty, toxic stress, and inequitable access to resources.
But in the meantime, we should make sure that
every student knows that their brain has the capacity to grow.
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Make the first lesson of this school year be about growth:
- Recognize hard work and perseverance instead of "natural" gifts and talents.
- Normalize mistakes and model ways to learn from them.
- Reveal the "hidden stories" of success. For example, how much practice it takes for world class athletes to get to the top of their game.
- Express pride and praise your student takes on new challenges.
- Talk to your child's teacher. How are exams treated? As judgement or an opportunity to learn? How are mistakes treated?
- Teach your student about their brain. It is like a muscle - exercise it and it gets stronger.
